Micro V Doppler assessment of testicular blood supply in the pediatric age population: may reduce the need for senior guidance in the evaluation of prepubertal torsion

Abstract

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the ge-nitourinary tumors. After initial  TURB, %70 of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer  have develop one or more recur-rences and one third of them will progress to invasive tumor. Musc-le invaziv bladder cancer is a devastating disease since over 50% of the patients will die from metastatic disease.

RAS genes are the member of oncogenes family.  The main function of the ras proteins is to induce activation of  protein ki-nase pathway, which in turn results in continuous mitogenic signa-ling and transformation of immortalized cells. Because of their ac-tive involvement in proliferative signals within the growing cell, ras genes are the most common targets for somatic mutations in urote-lial tumors.    RAS protooncogene mutations in the human cancers are the most common observed genetic alterations. In urothelial tu-mors somatic mutations in the ras genes may be of use for early de-tection of primary and recurrent tumors, for follow up targeted the-rapies in tissue-based assays.

 In this review, it was revised relations between RAS gene mu-tations and bladder cancer.

Key Words: Onkogenes, bladder cancer

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